d₃₃ is the most crucial performance indicator for piezoelectric element, It determines the strength of the piezoelectric ceramic mechanical force to electricity conversion capability: For piezoelectric sensor, it determines sensitivity;
for piezoelectric element actuating device, it determines displacement scale;
In piezo igniter, d33 directly affects the intensity of the electric spark.
in cleaning piezoelectric transducer, it determines the clean effect.
d33 is so important, what is significant improvements made by Chinese teams in this area?
I. Lead-containing piezoelectric ceramic systems:
August 2026, Xi’an Jiaotong University team: d33: 1720 pC/N, textured ceramic PZT
January 2026, Yongjiang Laboratory: d33 ≈ 6850 pC/N (active mode). Very special and innovative way.
April 2023, Xi’an Jiaotong University team: d33 ≈ 700~760 pC/N, textured PZT, textured ceramic
2018, Xi’an Jiaotong University team: d33 ≈ 1500 pC/N, Sm-doped rare-earth modified
II. Lead-free KNN/niobate systems
April 2026, Shanghai Jiaotong University: d33: 429 pC/N (d₃₃*≈1000 pm/V)
January 2026, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences: d33: 602 pC/N, BiScO₃-PbTiO₃ high-temperature ceramics.
January 2026, Sichuan University: d33: 370 pC/N, CuSb₂O₆ doped KNN. While improving d33, they increased the mechanical quality factor from 56 to 205, resolving the d₃₃-Qm conflict.
October 2024, Xi’an Jiaotong University: d33: ≈550±30 pC/N, textured ceramic, KNN-BNZ-BKH
April 2024, Tongji University: d33: ≈680±35 pC/N, medium-entropy KNN textured ceramic
December 2022, Shanghai Jiaotong University: d₃₃*≈2100 pm/V, Sr-doped KNN
Well, above all d33 figures, only Yongjiang Laboratory: d33 ≈ 6850 pC/N is very high, because this team take innovative way, they take the temperature control
way to reach this figure, so its not common piezoelectric element itself can get so high d33.
